Building Type Basics for Senior Living

L. BRADFORD PERKINS, FAIA, MRAIC, AICP, is the founder and Chairman of Perkins Eastman, an international architectural, interior design, and planning firm based in New York with eight additional offices in North America and four more around the world. He is author or coauthor of three books published by Wiley: International Practice for Architects; Building Type Basics for Elementary and Secondary Schools, Second Edition; and Architect's Essentials of Starting, Assessing, and Transitioning a Design Firm. J. DAVID HOGLUND, FAIA, LEED AP, is the President of Perkins Eastman and the firm's National Practice Leader for Senior Living. Over a dozen Perkins Eastman principals and senior staff contributed to this book.

Preface xvii Acknowledgments xix 1. Senior Living Today 1 State of the Industry 1 Design and the Aging Process 5 2. Programming & Planning Guidelines 13 Understanding the Marketplace 13 Programming Space Guidelines 14 Community Based Options 14 Long-Term Care 33 Hospice 60 Assisted Living Residences 64 Residences for Persons with Alzheimer's and Dementia 82 Independent Living with Services 96 Continuing Care Retirement Communities 107 Active Adult Communities 119 Summary 123 3. The Future of Senior Living 125 Demographics 125 Consumers' Expectations 126 Lifestyle Changes 129 Service Partnerships 135 New Housing and Care Concepts 139 Affordability 141 4. Project Process and Management 149 Planning, Design, and Implementation Process 149 Common Problems and Cautions 162 Conclusion 167 5. Site Planning, Parking, and Landscape Design 169 Site Size 169 Relationship to Adjacent Land Uses 171 Vehicular Circulation 171 Parking 173 Landscape Design 173 6. Building Codes 183 Codes and Regulations 184 Regulatory Issues 186 Waivers 191 Conclusion 192 7. Sustainability 193 Market Expectations 193 Calculating Cost Benefit 195 Strategies for Sustainability 196 8. Structural Systems 205 Considerations 205 Structural System Types 209 9. Mechanical, Plumbing, Fire-Protection, and Electrical Systems 215 The Interior Environment and Comfort for an Aging Population 215 Program and Concept 216 Applicable Codes 216 Program Impact on System Selection 217 Finished Ceilings and Building Height 219 Construction 220 Mechanical and Hvac System Options 222 Ventilation 227 Plumbing 229 Fire Protection 230 Electrical Distribution 231 Emergency Power 232 Lighting 233 10. Communications and Low-Voltage Electrical Systems 235 Systems Proliferation 235 Trends 240 11. Special Technologies 241 Remote Biometric Monitoring Systems 241 12. Products and Equipment 245 Medical Equipment 245 Universal Design 245 Mobility Devices 246 Food Service 246 Bathing Equipment 249 13. Acoustics 255 Key Acoustical Considerations 255 Design Guidelines for Specialized Spaces 258 Hearing-Impairment Guidelines and Code Requirements 262 14. Lighting Design 265 Light Levels, Reflectance Values, and Glare 267 Lamping Options 268 Windows and Daylighting 269 Design Guidelines for Specialized Spaces 269 Conclusion 276 15. Interior Design 279 The Design Process 279 Color Theory 286 Wayfinding 287 Materiality 287 Interior Design Guidelines 289 Furniture and Furnishings 295 Process 298 16. Renovation, Restoration, and Adaptive Reuse 299 Long-Term Care Facilities 299 Assisted Living Facilities 300 Independent Living Facilities 300 Cosmetic Renovation 301 Moderate Renovation 301 Major Renovation 301 Adaptive Reuse 305 17. International Challenges 307 Service Development 309 Programming and Design 310 Service and Socialization 313 Process 313 Aging at Home 314 Country-Specific Issues 315 Conclusion 324 18. Operation and Maintenance 325 Introduction 325 Operations Costs 326 Ongoing Operating and Maintenance Costs 327 Durability, Useful Life, and Replacement Costs 329 19. Cost Management 335 Cost Management Program 335 Relative Costs 336 Value Engineering and Life Cycle Cost Analysis 336 20. Finances and Feasibility 343 Ten Steps to Financing 343 Financing Variations for Senior Settings 349 Appendix A: Unit Types and Sizes for Senior Living 351 Appendix B: Building Net-to-Gross Factors for Senior Living 352 Appendix C: Geriatric Clinic: Typical Program Components 353 Appendix D: Sample Large Outpatient Clinic Program 354 App